Year End Year Event Theme Link Image Comment Keyword 1524 Verrazano explores NE coast Historical "exploration, settlement, Indians" 1603 Martin Pring explores NE coast Historical "exploration, settlement, Indians" 1607 Popham Colony planted in Maine Historical http://www.pophamcolony.org/ "settlement, Maine, archaeology" 1608 Separatists go to Holland Historical http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm "pilgrims, Plymouth, settlement" 1614 John Smith maps New England Historical http://www.seacoastnh.com/history/contact/smithmap.html "exploration, map, Indians" 1614 Dutch explore the Connecticut River Historical exploration, settlement, Connecticut 1615 seasonal fishing settlements in NH and Maine Historical exact date not known "fish, New Hampshire, Maine, settlement" 1616 An epidemic of uncertain cause devastates southern New England. Historical "Indians, epidemic" 1620 English Separatists found Plymouth Historical http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm Plymouth 1621 English and Wampanoag join in a harvest festival. Historical http://www.plimoth.org/learn/history/thanksgiving/pumpkinpie.asp 1622 Mourt's Relation published in London Literary http://www.pilgrimhall.org/bradfordwilliam.htm "pilgrims, Bradford, Plymouth" 1623 Permanent English settlements in New Hampshire Historical "settlement, colony" 1624 Pemaquid (Maine) established Historical http://www.friendsofcolonialpemaquid.org/Phistory.html This is a conjectural date since the exact time is unknown. This was one of several fishing or fur-trading operations established in the 1620s in northern new England. "settlement, colony, Maine" 1628 Maypole at Mount Wollaston (Mass) Historical http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl310/morton.htm Miles Standish commanded an expedition against Thomas Morton's fur-trading post. Plymouth officials feared Morton's men were trading guns with Indians. "Pilgrims, Hawthorne, Standish, maypole, Indian" 1629 Plymouth colonists estabish a trading post at Cushnoc on the Kennebec River in Maine. Historical Other traders were active nearer the coast. "Plymouth, Indians, settlement" 1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony Historical "Although other colonies preceded it, the Bay Colony soon dominated the region because of effective organization and massive migration." "colony, settlement, Puritans" 1633 Small pox epidemic further decimates coastal Indian groups. Historical "A succession of epidemics reduced the Massachusetts by as much as 90%. Other groups were totally wiped out. In contrast, the Narragansetts of Rhode Island were lightly affected." "Indians, epidemic, Rhode Island" 1634 "Massachusetts immigrants settle Wethersfield and Windsor, Connecticut" Historical "Connecticut, colony, settlement" 1634 John Endecott defaces King's colors Historical http://www.pophamcolony.org/ Radical Puritan John Endecott of Salem believed that the image of the cross was idolatrous. A website for the Popham Colony has a representation of such a flag. "Endicott, Endecott, flag, Hawthorne, Puritans" 1635 "Roger Williams founds Providence, RI" Historical "Banished from the Bay Colony for his religious beliefs, Williams and his followers found refuge among the Narragansetts." " colony, settlement, Indians, Rhode Island" 1636 Harvard College founded Historical 1636 Thomas Hooker leads settlement at Hartford. Historical http://www.sots.state.ct.us/RegisterManual/SectionI/seldatesPRESVP.htm "colony, settlement, Puritans" 1637 "Anne Hutchinson banished, settles Portsmouth, RI" Historical "Among her supporters was Mary Dyer, a future religious martyr. " "Rhode Island, Puritans, Hutchinson, Antinomian" 1637 Pequot War Historical Indians 1637 "Thomas Morton, ""New English Canaan""" Literary http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl310/morton.htm "maypole, pilgrims, Endicott, Hawthorne" 1638 New Haven founded Historical http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/history/ "colony, settlement, Connecticut, Puritan" 1642 English Civil War begins Historical 1646 "Massachusetts begins to establish ""praying towns""" Historical Indian 1647 Alice Young hung in Hartford Historical May be the first NE execution for witchchraft "witch, Hartford" 1648 Massachusetts executes Margaret Jones Historical "This is the first known Massachusetts execution for witchcraft. John Winthrop described her ""malignant touch.""" witch 1649 Charles I executed Historical 1650 "Anne Bradstreet, ""The Tenth Muse""" Literary http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/27.html 1654 Harvard establishes Indian College Historical "Indian, Harvard" 1656 Ann Hibbens executed. Historical Hibbens was of somewhat higher status than witches executed earlier. There appears to have been a hiatus in executions for a few years after her death. 1656 First Quaker missionaries arrive in New England Historical "Between 1656-1661, at least 40 Quakers preached in Massachusetts. Some came from England, others from Barbados or Rhode Island" "Quaker, Whittier" 1657 Lawrance and Cassandra Southwick imprisoned for entertaining Quakers Historical "They were eventually released, then imprisoned again the next year, and finally banished in 1659 on pain of death. The court threatened to sell their children to Barbados. " "Quaker, Whittier" 1659 Massachusetts executes Quakers Historical execution 1660 Charles II restored to throne Historical 1660 Mary Dyer executed. Historical Dyer had been sentenced to death three years earlier but was reprieved on the condition she not return. Quaker 1660 Mashpee established as a Christian Indian town Historical Richard Bourne was the first missionary and pastor. "Indian, Mashpee" 1660 1725 A succession of conflicts transforms indigenous/ colonial relations. Historical http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/maps/northeast.html A map from the 1704 Deerfield website shows the colonial Northeast, c, 1660-1725. Indian war 1661 "George Bishop, ""New England Judged""" Literary "This was a Quaker response to John Norton's ""New England Rent,"" an apology for anti-Quaker laws." Quaker 1661 English Quaker William Leddra hanged in Boston. Historical "In response English Quakers sought a mandamus from King Charles II. A Salem Quaker, Samuel Shattock, who was then in England, delivered it to Governor Endecott." "Quaker, Whittier" 1662 Connecticut receives royal charter Historical "charter, Connecticut" 1662 Beginning of Hartford witch outbreak. Historical "During 1662-63, accusations against 13 persons resulted in 4 executions." "witch, Hartford" 1662 Deborah Wilson ran naked through the streets of Salem. Historical "This was one of several attempts at civil disobedience by Quakers who chose flamboyant efforts to witness against persecution. Like the others, Wilson as whipped at the cart tail. " Quakers 1662 The Wampanoag sachem Wamsutta dies mysteriously. Historical http://www.pilgrimhall.org/philipwar.htm "Wamsutta, also known as Alexander, was Massasoit's oldest son and Metacom (or Philip's) brother. " "Indian, Philip" 1667 "George Bishop, ""New England Judged, II""" Literary Quaker 1671 "Elizabeth Knapp ""possessed of the Devil""" Historical "Samuel Willard, a minister at Groton, Massachusetts, wrote about Knapp's exorcism." witch 1671 Katherine Naylor, the wife of a Boston merchant, sues for divorce. Historical http://www.common-place.org/vol-03/no-04/boston/ Her story came to light in the early 1990s as a consequence of excavations associated with Boston's Big Dig. 1675 King Philip's War Historical http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=h&p=f&a=i&ID=4 "Read a modernized version of Philip's account of Indian grievances originally contained in a narrative by the Rhode Island Quaker, John Easton" "Indians, Philip" 1677 Surviving Indians confined to Praying Towns Historical "Indian, Philip" 1683 Mary Rowlandson's narrative Literary http://www.swarthmore.edu/Humanities/kjohnso1/rowlandson.html "The birth of the ""captivity narrative"" as a American genre" "Philip, women" 1685 Simon Popmonit becomes minister at Mashpee Historical The first native-born pastor died in 1720. The Mashpee congregation refused to accept Joseph Bourne until he learned to preach in Wampanoag. "Mashpee, Indian" 1686 Dominion of New England established Historical "Charter Oak, Andros" 1687 Governor Andros challenges Connecticut charter Historical "charter oak, Connecticut, Dominion" 1689 King William's War begins Historical This colonial version of a European war pitted French and Abenaki forces against English settlers and their Indian allies. Indians 1689 "Abenaki kill Richard Waldron in Dover, NH" Historical The attack on Waldon's garrison was in part retaliation for a double cross at the end of King Philip's War. "Indian, Philip, NH" 1692 "Cotton Mather, ""Wonders of the Invisible World""" Literary witch 1692 Salem Witch Trials Historical http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/ "Salem, witch" 1695 Thomas Maule denounces Puritan leaders Literary Quakers 1697 Samuel Sewall repents of role in Salem trials Historical witch 1700 "Robert Calef, ""More Wonders of the Invisible World""" Literary Calef's critique of the trials focused on the credulity and worldly ambition of Cotton Mather. witch 1701 Yale College founded Historical Connecticut 1702 "Cotton Mather publishes ""Magnalia Christi Americana""" Literary "This immense history of New England includes biographical vignettes of early ministers and governors, but also stories of captivites and accounts of diabolical possession." "history, Puritans" 1702 "John Hale publishes ""A Modest Inquiry""" Literary witch 1702 Queen Anne's War begins Historical A second round in an ongoing conflict between New France and New England. Indians 1704 Deerfield Massacre Historical http://www.1704.deerfield.history.museum/ A winter raid resulted in the deaths or captivities of three-fifths of the town's inhabitants. The attacking force included men from Odanak and Schaghiticoke, where many New England refugees had gathered after King Philip's War. "Indians, French, frontier, captivity" Philip 1706 Benjamin Franklin born in Boston Historical 1711 Massachusetts begins compensating victims of Salem witch trials. Historical witch 1725 Lovewell's Defeat at Pigwacket Historical A failed raid in central Maine provoked songs and sermons about the heroism of New England soldiers. "Indians, Maine" 1739 King George's War begins Historical Another round in the intercolonial wars. "Indians, New France" 1739 George Whitfield's first tour Historical 1745 Pigwackets in exile in Massachusetts Historical "Caught between English and French forces, the Pigwackets spent King George's War as refugees in Massachusetts" Indians 1755 Braddock's Defeat Historical 1755 British deport French settlers of Acadia Historical "Evangeline, Acadia, Longfellow" 1760 Reuben Cognehew carries Mashpee petition to London Historical "Indian, Mashpee" 1763 Treaty of Paris ends 7 Year's War Historical revolution 1764 "Thomas Hutchinson, ""History of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay""" Literary "An important early history by the later Loyalist governor. Dealt with witchhunting and with the banishment of his ancestor, Anne Hutchinson. " "witch, antinomianism, loyalist" 1765 Stamp Act Riots Historical revolution 1766 Hundreds, including slaves and free blacks, begin holding religious meetings in Sarah Osborne's home in Newport, Rhode Island. Historical Osborne called these my "resting, reaping times." In 1770, she is instrumental in getting Samuel Hopkins installed as pastor of a Newport church. 1767 Townshend Acts Historical revolution 1768 spinning meetings begin Historical revolution 1768 Non-importation agreements begin Historical revolution 1768 British troops arrive in Boston Historical revolution 1769 Forefather's Day celebrated by Plymouth's Old Colony Club Commemorative 1769 Non-consumption agreements begin to appear Historical revolution 1770 "Phillis Wheatley, ""Elegy for George Whitefield""" Literary " The British evangelist died at Newburyport, Mass. on September 30, 1770." "slavery, religion" 1770 Townshend Acts Repealed Historical revolution 1770 11yr old Christopher Seider killed Historical revolution 1770 Copley paints Paul Revere Historical Copley's painting and many examples of Revere's silver can be seen at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 1770 Boston Massacre Historical http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/bostonmassacre/adamssummation.html John Adams defends the British soldiers. revolution 1770 Paul Revere engraves the events in King Street. Commemorative Boston Massacre, Attucks 1772 "Paul Revere engraves a ""portrait"" of King Philip" Commemorative http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson5/resources/L00_053_239.html "Indian, Philip" 1772 Committees of Correspondence formed Historical revolution 1773 "Boston ""Tea Party""" Historical revolution 1773 Mary Rowlandson's narrative reprinted Literary http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/kislak/colonial/rowlandson1.html "women, Philip" Philip 1773 "Phillis Wheatley, ""Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral""" Literary http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p12.html http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Wheatley/philbio.htm slavery 1773 Massachusetts slaves begin petitioning for freedom Historical http://www.nps.gov/boaf/slaveryinboston2.htm "slavery, abolition" 1774 First Continental Congress Historical revolution 1774 John Malcolm tarred and feathered Historical An example of pre-revolutionary violence and a key episode in the biography of George Robert Twelves Hewes. revolution 1774 Intolerable Acts Historical revolution 1774 In December, Paul Revere rides to Portsmouth, New Hampshire Historical http://www.nhssar.org/essays/FortConstitution.htm powder revolution 1775 Battles at Lexington and Concord Historical revolution 1775 George Washington takes command Historical revolution 1775 In April, Paul Revere attempts to carry news to Concord Historical 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill Historical http://www.masshist.org/bh/ revolution 1776 Declaration of Independence Historical revolution 1776 "Samuel Hopkins, A Dialogue Concerning the Slavery of the Africans" Literary An abolitionist argument ddressed to the continental congress. "abolition, Stowe" 1776 British evacuate Boston Historical revolution 1776 Abigail Adams urges John to "Remember the Ladies Historical http://www.masshist.org/adams/manuscripts_1.cfm#%23 1777 Burgoyne Surrenders at Saratoga Historical 1777 Congress defines American flag Historical 1777 Battle of Saratoga Historical 1777 Battle of Bennington Historical http://www.dhca.state.vt.us/HistoricSites/html/bennington.html 1780 Benedict Arnold turns traitor Historical 1781 Battle of Yorktown Historical 1781 Articles of Confederation ratified Historical 1781 British attack Fort Griswold and burn New London, Connecticut Historical 1782 Peace negotiations begin Historical 1783 Congress ratifies Articles of Peace Historical 1783 Loyalists evacuate New York Historical 1783 Boston establishes annual July 4 oration Commemorative "After the revolution, Independence Day replaced Pope's Day and Boston Massacre orations in public memorials." 1786 Shay's Rebellion Historical revolution 1787 Constitutional Convention Historical 1787 Northwest Ordinance Historical 1788 Constitution ratified Historical 1789 French revolution begins Historical 1790 New England has a million people Historical population 1791 Vermont joins the union as the 14th state Historical 1791 Massachusetts Historical Society founded Commemorative http://www.masshist.org/welcome/ 1799 "East India Marine Society established in Salem, Massachusetts" Commemorative 1800 "With 1,400,000 people N.E. contains 28 percent of the U.S. population" Historical 1800 Population in Connecticut stagnates while Maine explodes Historical population distribution 1801 Reprint of French edition of Phillis Wheatley's poems Literary "Wheatley's ""Poems on Various Subjects"" was included in Joseph Lavalee's ""The Negro Equalled by Few Europeans,"" published in translation in Philadelphia" 1802 Reprint of Phillis Wheatley's poems published in NH Literary 1803 Louisiana Purchase Historical 1804 Lewis and Clark Expedition begins Historical 1805 Rock outcropping in Franconia Notch first noticed by road workers. Historical "Old Man, profile" 1806 Black Baptists build a meeting house on Beacon Hill in Boston Historical http://www.nps.gov/boaf/amh.htm "The ""African Meeting House,"" now on Boston's Black Heritage Trail, is considered the oldest surviving Black church building in America." abolition 1810 Congress commissions a census on manufactures Historical Memories of revolutionary spinning meetings encourage domestic production. women's work 1812 War with England Historical "sometimes called the ""second war for Independence""" revolution 1812 "U.S.S. Constitution (""Old Ironsides"") fights British." Historical http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/ maritime 1813 "Agricultural fairs called ""Cattle Shows"" begin displaying household manufactures" Historical "By the 1820s, the annual shows also include ""fancy work.""" women's work 1813 "William Nell ships out of Charleston, S.C. as a steward" Historical "maritime, abolition" 1814 "Washington Irving, ""Philip of Pokanoket""" Literary "An early, sympthetic account of King Philip" "Indian, Philip" 1814 Hartford Convention considers secession Historical "Connecticut, Federalists, revolution" 1815 "Henry Sargent paints ""The Landing of the Fathers""" Commemorative 1815 The Affecting Narrative of Louisa Baker Literary "This was the first in a series of stories eventually gathered as ""The Female Marine.""" maritime 1817 Pres. James Monroe consecrates Bunker Hill battle site Commemorative "revolution, memory" 1818 Daniel Wadsworth commissions a portrait of the Charter Oak Commemorative "charter oak, Connecticut" 1818 Congress establishes pensions for indigent veterans. Historical "Hewes, revolution" 1818 John Trumbull's painting of the signing of the Declaration of Independence displayed at Faneuil Hall Commemorative "July 4, revolution" 1820 Daniel Webster speaks at Plymouth bicentennial Commemorative 1820 Missouri Compromise guarantees statehood for Maine Historical 1820 "Cotton Mather's ""Magnalia Christi Americana"" reprinted" Literary "witch, Puritanism" 1820 Witch of New England published Literary "This anonymous work was only the first of several literary treatments of the seventeenth-century witch hunts. Like others, it emphasized the dangers of delusion. " 1821 Essex Institute founded Commemorative 1822 Rhode Island Historical Society founded Commemorative http://www.rihs.org/index.shtml 1822 "Timothy Dwight, ""Travels in New England and New York""" Literary 1823 New Hampshire Historical Society founded Commemorative 1823 "Calef's ""More Wonders of the Invisible World"" reprinted" Literary witch 1824 "Lydia Sigourney, ""Sketches of Connecticut Forty Years Since""" Literary 1824 Pilgrim Hall museum opened in Plymouth Commemorative 1824 A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison published Literary Indian 1824 "Lydia Maria Child, ""Hobomok: A Tale of Early Times""" Literary http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/projects/rissetto/hobomok.html A distraught Puritan woman marries an Indian. Indians 1824 Lafayette feted in America Commemorative revolution 1824 Bunker Hill monument begun Commemorative http://charlestown.ma.us/battle.html revolution 1825 Connecticut Historical Society founded Commemorative http://www.chs.org/ "Connecticut, museums" 1825 "John Winthrop's ""History of New England"" reprinted" Literary Antinomianism, Puritanism, Hutchinson, Dyer 1825 Erie Canal completed Historical economy 1826 "Lowell, Massachusetts incorporated" Historical "economy, women's work" 1826 "James Fenimore Cooper, ""The Last of the Mohicans""" Literary The trope of the disappearing Indian was already well-established by the time Cooper wrote. Indian 1827 "James Fenimore Cooper, ""The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish""" Literary A little-known novel about King Philip's War "Indian, Philip" 1827 "Catharine Sedgwick, ""Hope Leslie, or Early Times in Massachusetts""" Literary Features a friendship between a Puritan woman and a Pequot woman. Indian 1827 "Sarah Josepha Hale, ""Northwood""" Literary Thanksgiving 1828 "Female textile workers strike at Dover, N.H." Historical See documents on the course Web site related to Dover strikes. women's work 1828 Andrew Jackson elected president Historical 1829 "William Apes publishes ""A Son of the Forest""" Literary "Indians, Mashpee" 1829 "First performance of ""Metamora""" Commemorative "Indian, Philip" 1829 "Charles Goodrich, ""A History of the United States of America""" Literary "Like other writers of the early republic, Goodrich saw the Salem witch trials as a consequence of fanaticism and delusion." 1829 "David Walker, An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" Literary http://www.nps.gov/boaf/ "Published in Boston by a southern black, Walker's ""Appeal"" helped to spark the abolitionist movement." "abolition, slavery" 1830 New Hampshire legislature encourages sericulture Historical "In the 1820s and 1830s several states offered bounties. In most places the ""silk craze"" had collapsed by 1840." women's work 1830 Indian Removal Act Historical "This eventually led to the forcible removal of 20,000 Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahama along the infamous ""Trail of Tears""" "Indian, Jackson" 1830 "Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem raises outcry over supposed abandonment of ""Old Ironsides.""" Historical http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/ maritime 1830 "Theodore Dwight, The Northern Traveller (guidbook) mentions ""Old Man of the Mountains.""" Historical "old man, profile" 1830 1870 Domestic fiction dominates literary market Literary http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/domestic.htm Hawthorne both admired and denigrated these writers, referring to them "as damned, scribbling females." 1830 Monument erected at Fort Griswold Commemorative 1831 "Charles W. Upham, ""Lectures on Witchcraft""" Literary An account by a Unitarian minister who used the Salem story to warn against the dangers of religious and political zeal. witch 1831 "John Greenleaf Whitter, ""Legends of New England""" Literary "Based on earlier stories written for newspapers, Whittier dealt with witch beliefs as a form of folklore. " 1831 Maria Stewart begins public speeches condemning slavery. Historical http://www.nps.gov/boaf/mariastewart.htm "Stewart, a free black, may have been the first women in the U.S. to give public speeches against slavery." abolition 1831 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""My Kinsman, Major Molineux""" Literary This early story was re-published in 1852 revolution 1831 Mohegan Church built Historical Indians 1832 "Garrison begins ""The Liberator""" Historical http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam005.html abolition 1832 "Seth Luther, ""An Address to the Working-Men of New England""" Historical "labor, women's work" 1833 "Lydia Maria Child, ""An Appeal for that Class of Americans Called Africans""" Literary "Child, who had previously published fiction and a cookbook, The American Frugal housewife, became a prominent antislavery writer and activist." "antislavery,abolition" 1833 Indian Declaration of Independence Historical "Part of Mashpee Revolt led by ""Blind Joe"" Amos and William Apes" "Indian, Mashpee, Apes" 1833 John Greenleaf Whittier joins the abolitionist cause. Historical Whittier was a close friend of William Lloyd Garrison even before joining the fight against slavery. "slavery, Whittier, abolition" 1833 "Oliver Wendell Holmes, ""The Last Leaf""" Literary http://www.bartleby.com/102/92.html Describes antiquated survivor of revolution. revolution 1834 "Whittier publishes ""The Slave Ship""" Literary http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhittier.htm "slavery, abolition, maritime" 1834 "Textile strikes at Lowell, Massachusetts and Dover, N.H." Historical "In this and the 1836 strike at Lowell, workers compared themselves to slaves." women's work 1834 "James Hawkes, A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party, with a Memoir of George R.T. hewes""" Literary revolution 1834 "Shoebinders of Lynn, Massachusetts form a society ""for the protection and promotion of Female Industry""" Historical Its leaders helped to form the Female Anti-Slavery Society in 1837. women's work 1834 Burning of Ursuline convent in Charlestown Historical "immigration, Catholicism" 1835 George Robert Twelves Hewes feted in Providence and Boston Commemorative "Joseph G. Cole painted his portrait, called ""The Centenarian""" "Independence Day, July 4, revolution" 1835 "Benjamin Bussey Thatcher, ""Traits of the Tea Party; Being a Memoir of George R.T. Hewes""" Literary revolution 1835 Rhode Island Historical Society collects materials from Indian graves. Commemorative "This is only one example of New England museums accessioning grave goods, bones, and hair from burial sites deliberately or accidentally disturbed." "museums, bones, Indians" 1835 "Seaman's Aid Society establishes a ""Mariner's Home"" in Boston" Historical maritime 1836 "John Warner Barber , ""Historical Collections of Connecticut""" Commemorative 1836 William Apess. Eulogy on King Philip Commemorative "Indian, Philip" 1836 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""The Maypole at Merrymount""" Literary "maypole, Hawthorne" 1836 Providence ships lists show 30% African American seamen. Historical maritime 1836 Eliza Susan Quincy portrays procession at Harvard's 200th Anniversary Commemorative Harvard centennial 1836 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow begins teaching modern languages at Harvard. Historical http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lowinus/ He lasted until 1854, though he complained early on, "Perhaps the worst thing in a college life is this having your mind constantly a playmate for boys,--constantly adapting to them, instead of stretching out and grappling with men's minds."
Today Harvard's Longfellow Institute honors American multi-lingualism. 1837 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""Twice-Told Tales""" Literary 1837 Vermont abolitionists begin sheltering escaped slaves Historical http://www.state.vt.us/vhs/educate/ugrr.htm "See an interesting collection of documents and a debate over Vermont's role in the ""Underground Railroad"" at The Vermont Historical Society" 1837 John Sibley publishes story of Washington Elm Commemorative revolution 1837 "Sarah Grimke, ""Letters on the Equality of the Sexes""" Literary "With her sister, Angelina, Grimke traveled throughout New England, meeting with female wage workers as well as abolitionists." women's work 1837 "For women, rural outwork is the dominant form of wage labor. " Historical A Massachusetts census shows that almost half of wage workers were braiding palm-leaf and straw for hats. women's work. 1837 Angeline and Sarah Grimke tour New England Historical "abolition, women" 1837 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""Endicott and the Red Cross""" Literary "flag, cross, Endicott" 1837 "Ralph Waldo Emerson, ""The American Scholar""" Literary http://rwe.org/works/Nature_addresses_1_The_American_Scholar.htm ""Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close."" 1837 Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn" sung at the dedication of the North Bridge Battle Monument. Commemorative http://www.rwe.org/poems_of_RWE/Concord_Hymn.htm ""Here once the embattled farmers stood/And fired the shot heard round the world."" Revolution 1839 Amistad trial in New Haven Historical http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/amistad/ slavery abolition maritime 1839 "Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, Algic Researches" Literary "One of many ethnographic works published by the Indian agent and self-taught scientist, it contained a version of the myth of Hiawatha. " Indians 1840 Agitation for Ten-hour Day Historical labor 1841 "Catharine Williams, ""The Neutral French, or the Exiles of Nova Scotia""" Literary 1841 "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, ""The Skeleton in Armor""" Literary "bones, Indians" 1841 "Catharine Beecher, ""A Treatise on Domestic Economy""" Literary http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/UTC/bchaps.html women's work 1841 "Longfellow, ""The Wreck of the Hesperus,"" in Ballads and Other Poems" Literary maritime 1841 Amistad case argued before the Supreme Court Historical http://amistad.mysticseaport.org/main/welcome.html John Quincy Adams slavery 1842 "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poems on Slavery" Literary "slavery, abolition" 1842 Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island Historical 1842 Eleanor Field gives the Rhode Island Historical Society a basket purportedly made during King Philip's War. Commemorative 1842 With the encouragement of his friend Charles Sumner, Longfellow publishes "Poems on Slavery" Literary http://courses.washington.edu/hum523/red/intronote.html 1842 Wadsworth Atheneum opens in Hartford Commemorative http://www.wadsworthatheneum.org/ Considered the nation's first public art museum. Connecticut, museum 1845 New England Historic Genealogical Society Founded Commemorative 1845 Frederick Douglas publishes his narrative. Literary http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4narr3.html He became a powerful voice in both the anti-slavery and women's rights movements. "slavery, abolition" 1845 Beginning of Irish famine Historical immigration 1846 Mexican War begins Historical 1846 "Hawthorne, ""Roger Malvyn's Burial"" in Mosses From An Old Manse" Literary http://mason-west.com/Hawthorne/m2rogmalbur.shtml Hawthorne's story built on an already existing romance about Lovewell's Defeat at Pigwacket in 1725. "Lovewell, Maine, bones" 1847 "Sarah Hale, ed. of Godey's begins Thanksgiving campaign" Commemorative http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/shtable/shtable-thanks.html "For samples of Hale's Thanksgiving editorials, go to ""The Godey's Lady's Book"" link at the University of Vermont." 1847 "John Greenleaf Whittier, ""Supernaturalism of New England""" Literary "witch, folklore" 1847 "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, ""Evangeline""" Literary 1847 First edition of Frederick Douglass's North Star Historical 1848 "William Oakes, Scenery of the White Mountains" Literary "Oakes said that from one angle the profile resembled a ""toothless old woman in a mob cap."" From the best angle, however, it showed a man with character ""fixed and firm.""" "old man, profile" 1848 Elizabeth Ellet. Women of the American Revolution Literary 1848 "Thompkins Matteson's ""Examination of a Witch"" exhibited in New York" Commemorative http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/salem/generic.html witch, painting 1848 "James Russell Lowell, ""The Courtin'""" Literary 1848 Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention Historical 1849 California Gold Rush Historical economy 1850 "At 2,729,000, N.E. composes less than 12 percent of the U.S. population" Historical 1850 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""The Scarlet Letter""" Literary 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Historical http://www.nps.gov/boaf/fugitiveslavelaw.htm slavery 1850 "45 out of 100 New Englanders live in Maine, NH, or Vermont" Historical population distribution 1850 "10,000 men employed in whaling on shore or at sea" Historical maritime 1850 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""The Great Stone Face""" Literary http://209.11.144.65/eldritchpress/nh/gsf.html "old man, profile" mountain 1851 "Herman Melville, ""Moby Dick""" Literary maritime 1851 "Harriet Beecher Stowe, ""Uncle Tom's Cabin""" Literary "slavery, abolition" 1851 Horace Bushnell speaks at Litchfield County Centennial Commemorative "Litchfield, Connecticut, homespun" 1851 "J.W. DeForest, ""History of the Indians of Connecticut""" Literary 1851 "Nathaniel Hawthorne, ""The House of the Seven Gables""" Literary witch Salem 1853 "Samuel Drake's edition of ""Magnalia Christi Americana""" Literary 1853 Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes a campaign biography for his former Bowdoin classmate Franklin Pierce and is rewarded with a consulship in England. Historical http://www.anb.org.ezp1.harvard.edu/articles/16/16-00732.html?a=1&n=Hawthorne&ia=-at&ib=-bib&d=10&ss=3&q=6 1854 "Lucy Larcom, ""Hannah Binding Shoes""" Literary http://www.bartleby.com/102/163.html "women's work, maritime" 1854 Anthony Burns arrested under the Fugitive Slave Act Historical http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2915.html slavery 1855 "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, ""The Song of Hiawatha""" Literary 1855 "Herman Melville, ""Tartarus of Maids""" Literary "In the 1850s, Melville published many short stories and sketches in Harper's and Putnam's magazines." women's work 1855 "William C. Nell, ""Colored Patriots of the American Revolution""" Literary http://www.nps.gov/boaf/williamcoopernell.htm Among other stories, Nell featured the role of Crispus Attucks in the "Boston Massacre." Attucks, Boston Massacre 1856 Charter Oak toppled in a wind storm Commemorative http://www.charteroaktree.com/charteroaktour.html The romance of the Charter Oak persists even today. "charter oak, Connecticut" 1856 "Benjamin Willey, Incidents in White Mountain History" Literary "Earliest published version of a comment later attributed to Daniel Webster. """"Men put out signs representing their different trades; jewellers hang out a monster watch; shoemakers, a huge boot; and, up in Franconia, God Almighty has hung out a sign that in New England he makes men.""" "profile, old man" 1856 Senator Charles Sumner caned after delivering his speech "Crime Against Kansas" Historical http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Caning_of_Senator_Charles_Sumner.htm Longfellow Civil War 1857 "John Greenleaf Whittier, ""Skipper Ireson's Ride,""" Literary maritime 1857 Dred Scott Decision Historical "slavery, abolition" 1858 Winslow Homer illustrates rural New England life. . Commemorative "See ""Husking Corn,"" Harper's Weekly, November 13, 1858, in ""Selected Slides: Homer""" "women's work, homespun" 1858 Black seamen parade in Boston and Providence to celebrate West Indian independence. Historical maritime 1858 "Longfellow, ""The Courtship of Miles Standish""" Literary "Longfellow's poem rivaled Thanksgiving in American memory and helped perpetuate the mystique of the spinning wheel. See The Age of Homespun, page 27." "poetry, pilgrims" plymouth 1858 Crispus Attucks Day celebrated at African Meeting House Commemorative revolution, Boston Massacre 1859 Gloucester fleets net almost 30 million pounds of fish. Historical Fewer than 3 out of 10 fishermen own their own craft. maritime 1859 "Harriet Wilson, ""Our Nig, or Sketches from the LIfe of a Free Black""" Literary 1859 "Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Minister's Wooing" Literary "Stowe's hero was a Newport, Rhode Island minister named Samuel Hopkins." "Stowe, abolition, slavery" 1859 Rockport women attack rumsellers. Historical maritime 1860 "Shoe workers strike in Lynn, Massachusetts and neighboring towns." Historical http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6590/ Female strikers invoke the memory of the revolutionary heroine Molly Stark. women's work 1860 "Matthew Brady photographs Edwin Forrest as ""Metamora""" Commemorative http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/32gal.html "Indian, Philip" 1861 "Longfellow publishes ""Paul Revere's Ride"" in Atlantic Monthly" Literary revolution 1861 "Oliver Wendell Holmes, ""Under the Washington Elm""" Literary revolution 1861 William Cooper Nell becomes clerk in U.S. Postal Service Historical http://www.nps.gov/boaf/williamcoopernell.htm He was the first black to receive a federal post. race 1861 Civil War economy boosts Massachusetts manufacturing Historical economy 1861 Civil War begins Historical Lincoln was inaugurated in March; confederates fired on Fort Sumter in April. Civil War 1862 Hawthorne published "Chiefly About War Matters" in The Atlantic Monthly Literary The Liberator denounces the essay, noting that the anonymous author was reported to be Nathaniel Hawthorne. Civil War 1863 "Longfellow , ""Tales of a Wayside Inn""" Literary 1863 Lincoln declares Thanksgiving a national holiday Historical http://www.classicallibrary.org/lincoln/thanksgiving.htm 1863 Lincoln delivers Gettysburg Address Historical http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/ Civil War 1863 Emancipation Proclamation frees slaves in rebellious states Historical http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/emancipation_proclamation/ In a response to an editorial in the New york Tribune, Lincoln had earlier insisted that he would free the slaves only to save the Union. Harriet Beecher Stowe responded in another publication that he should save the Union only to free the slaves. slavery 1864 "U.S. Sanitary Commission sponsors ""Colonial Kitchens""" Commemorative 1864 Massachusetts Historical Society published Phillis Wheatley letters Literary 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders Historical http://www.coax.net/people/lwf/cwchron.htm Civil War 1865 13th Amendment outlaws slavery Historical 1865 Klu Klux Klan founded Historical 1865 Abraham Lincoln assassinated Historical 1866 "John Greenleaf Whittier, ""Snowbound""" Literary http://www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?45442B7C000C01060E poetry 1866 Peabody Museum founded at Harvard Commemorative http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/general_information.html 1867 Edmonia Lewis sells busts of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw Historical 1868 Winslow Homer illustrates life in Lowell Mills Commemorative "See ""Morning Bell"" and ""Bell Time"" in Selected Slides: Homer. Also see HarpWeek (Hollis e-resources) issues of July 25, 1868 (p. 472) and December 23, 1873 (p. 1116)." women's work 1868 "Deerfield first exhibits door from ""Indian House""" Commemorative "Deerfield massacre, museum" 1869 Massachusetts enfranchises Indians Historical "This ended the ""protected"" status that originated in the colonial period. Communities like Mashpee were divided" Indian, franchise 1869 "Harriet Beecher Stowe, ""Old-Town Folks""" Literary 1869 American Museum of Natural History founded in New York Commemorative 1869 "Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association founded in Deerfield, Massachusetts" Commemorative http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/ museum 1870 Boston Museum of Fine Arts founded Commemorative 1870 Metropolitan Museum of Art founded in New York Commemorative 1870 First transcontinental train leaves Boston on a 39-day journey across the United States Historical economy 1870 "Winslow Homer engraving, ""The Dinner Horn""" Commemorative http://www.butlerart.com/Web_Shows/homer/Pages/the%20dinner_horn.htm 1870 French-Canadian workers fill Northern N.E. mill towns Historical labor, economy, immigration 1870 Most female wage workers are employed in factories or as household servants. Historical "In Boston, 8 of 10 household servants are foreign born. In textile mills, most are immigrants or the children of immigrants. " "women's work, population, immigration" 1870 The whaling industry attracts thousands of immigrants from the Azores Historical http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/whaling.html immigration 1871 "P.T. Barnum founds ""The Greatest Show on Earth""" Historical 1871 New England whaling ships crushed in ice of coast of Alaska Historical maritime 1873 Anne Whitney wins competition to create a sculpture of Samuel Adams for the United States Capitol. Commemorative http://www.jstor.org.ezp2.harvard.edu/view/00043249/ap030124/03a00060/0?searchUrl=http%3a//www.jstor.org/search/ Later the City of Boston installed a bronze version at Faneuil Hall even though in 1874 a Boston commission rejected her sculpture of Charles Sumner because she was a woman. statue 1875 Custer defeated at the Battle of Little Bighorn Historical http://www.150.si.edu/chap4/4draw.htm Indians 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia Commemorative 1877 Hayes-Tilden Election resolved Historical http://elections.harpweek.com/controversy.htm A compromise that guaranteed Rutherford Hayes' election also ended reconstruction in the south. 1878 Old Ironsides takes last Atlantic voyage. Historical http://www.ussconstitution.navy.mil/ After 1897 it is on exhibit in Boston. maritime 1879 The Boston Antiquarian Club rescues the Old State House Commemorative http://www.bostonhistory.org/frameset.php3?t=old_state_hs_hist.html See the Old State House time-line on the Bostonian Society Web site revolution 1879 "Children give Longfellow a chair from the ""spreading chestnut""" Commemorative http://www.anvilmag.com/comment/109d2.htm trees 1880 New England fisheries decline Historical "economy, maritime" 1880 John Greenleaf Whittier writes poems about Quaker persecution. Historical http://www.kimopress.com/biograph.htm Quaker 1880 Memorial Hall dedicated in Deerfield Commemorative http://activities.americancenturies.mass.edu/1704/index.html "A battered door from the so-called ""Indian house"" was a prominent feature." "Deerfield, museum, Indian" 1881 Nantucket's Coffin House restored Commemorative http://www.nha.org/newsiteshome.htm maritime, museum, summer 1881 "Controversy over John G. Whittier's ""The King's Missive""" Literary "In letters to the Boston Daily Advertiser, Whittier and historian George Ellis argued over the imprisonment of Quakers in 17th century Boston." "Quaker, Whittier, poetry" 1881 "Winslow Homer seeks the ""old ways"" in an English fishing village." Commemorative http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/homerwc/homerwc-main1.html#1 maritime 1885 "After moving to Prout's Neck, Maine, Winslow Homer turned to the drama of seafaring." Historical http://www.boston.com/mfa/homer/mfahfog.htm maritime 1885 Boston proposes a statue of Paul Revere Commemorative "Although Cyrus Dallin completed several models, the city failed to raise the money to complete the statue." revolution 1886 Police kill strikers at Haymarket in Chicago Historical http://www.chicagohs.org/hadc/intro.html A Chicago Historical Society website lays out the evidence. labor 1887 "Ellen Rounds repairs the ""Damm Garrison""" Commemorative http://www.seacoastnh.com/woodman/garrison/ "In 1915, she donated it to Dover, New Hampshire's new ""Woodman Institute.""" Indian wars, door, museum 1887 Mass. Historical Society protests Boston Massacre monument Commemorative revolution 1887 "Edward Bellamy, ""Looking Backward""" Literary 1888 Crispus Attucks Monument dedicated Commemorative revolution 1888 Whittier supports women's suffrage. Historical http://www.qhpress.org/quakerpages/qwhp/jgw7247.htm suffrage, Quaker 1889 Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association presents a historical pageant Commemorative "The historical vignettes included Anne Hutchinson's banishment, the Salem witch trials, and the courtship of Priscilla Alden, among other events. " witch, antinomian, Hutchinson, Alden, suffrage 1890 Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) Founded Commemorative 1890 Fall River surpasses Lowell as largest producer of printed textiles Historical labor, economy 1890 Alice Baker returns to Deerfield to restore her ancestral home, Frary House. Commemorative summer 1891 Bennington Battle Monument erected Commemorative Harper's Weekly, August 22, 1891: "It is 308 feet high, being the highest battle monument in this country, and nearly 100 feet higher thant he famous one on Bunker Hill." 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago Commemorative centennial 1893 "Alice Morse Earle, ""Customs and Fashions of Old New England""" Literary 1894 Immigration Restriction League Founded at Harvard Historical labor, population 1895 "Eliza Philbrick creates a ""Colonial Gown"" for a DAR party in Boston" Commemorative reproduction 1896 Blue and White Society formed in Deerfield Commemorative reproduction 1896 "Supreme Court accepts doctrine of ""separate but equal"" in Plessy v. Ferguson" Historical 1897 New England Historic Genealogical Society Admits Women Commemorative 1897 Boston Society of Arts and Crafts Founded Commemorative 1898 Emily Tyson begins refurbishing Hamilton House in Maine Historical http://www.spnea.org/visit/homes/hamilton.htm "Now owned by SPNEA, Hamilton House is representative of the fascination of wealthy families with decaying colonial properties." colonial revival 1898 Emily Tyson purchases the 1785 Hamilton House, the setting for Sarah Orne Jewett's "The Tory Lover." Commemorative http://www.spnea.org/visit/homes/hamilton.htm summer 1900 "Old Gaol opened in York, Maine" Commemorative museum 1900 New England's 5.5 million people make up 7 percent of the U.S. population Historical 1900 "Plymouth Blanket Society formed to make ""rose blankets""" Commemorative 1900 "75 of 100 New Englanders live in Mass, Conn, or RI" Historical population distribution 1901 Maine Historical Society opens Wadsworth-Longfellow House Commemorative http://www.mainehistory.org/ museum 1901 President William McKinley assassinated Historical 1902 Edith Wharton designs "The Mount" in Lenox, Massachusetts Literary http://www.edithwharton.org/estategardens/ summer 1902 William Dean Howells purchases a summer home on Kittery Point, Maine Literary summer 1903 "Elizabeth C. B. Buel , ""The Tale of the Spinning Wheel""" Commemorative 1903 New Bedford Whaling Museum founded Historical http://www.whalingmuseum.org/ maritime 1904 Wallace Nutting launches a career as a historical entrepreneur Commemorative http://www.wallacenutting.com/ "Wallace Nutting (1861-1941) attempted to record 'that old life in America, which is rapidly passing away.' " 1904 Henry James visits the supposed House of the Seven Gables. Commemorative James wrote, "Hawthorne's ladder at Salem, in fine, has now quite gone, and we but tread the air if we attempt to set our critical feet on its steps and its rounds." 1905 Paul Revere House saved from demolition Commemorative http://www.paulreverehouse.org/ The house, which was in an immigrant neighborhood, was reinvented as an early colonial dwelling. It is still open to the public. museum 1907 Period rooms opened in Essex Institute Commemorative museum 1908 House of Seven Gables Settlement Association founded Commemorative "witch, Salem, museum, immigration" 1909 NAACP formed Historical 1910 John F. Fitzgerald mayor of Boston Historical 1910 Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA) founded Commemorative http://www.spnea.org/ 1912 "Robert Frost, ""North of Boston""" Literary 1912 "Strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts" Historical http://womhist.binghamton.edu/law/intro.html "For photos and original documents provided by the SUNY-Binghamtom, ""Women and Social Movements"" Web site see, ""The 1912 Lawrence Strike: How Did Immigrant Workers Struggle to Achieve an American Standard of Living?""" labor, economy 1912 Workers at Lowell live in ethnic communities Historical http://www.nps.gov/lowe/loweweb/Lowell_History/immigrants.htm "immigration, labor" 1915 "Frank G. Speck, ""Decorative Art of the Indian Tribes of Connecticut""" Literary 1915 Statue of Anne Hutchinson erected on Beacon Hill Commemorative http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/statues/hutch_landing.htm 1920 19th Amendment gives women the vote Historical 1922 Antiques Magazine launched Commemorative 1924 American Indians granted citizenship and the right to vote Historical 1924 "Ku Klux Klan has 50,000 members in Maine" Historical 1924 Congress passes restrictive immigration laws Historical population 1924 First of New England textile mills moves south Historical labor, economy 1925 Vermont launches a Eugenics Survey Historical "population, immigration" 1926 John D. Rockefeller funds Colonial Williamburg in Virginia Commemorative museum 1927 Nicola Sacco and Bartholomeo Vanzetti executed Historical labor 1928 "A New York surgeon founds the Abbe Museum on Mount Desert Island, Maine" Commemorative http://www.abbemuseum.org/ "While summering in Bar Harbor, Dr. Abbe was fascinated by the ancient Native American tools found in nearby shell heaps. As he began collecting these artifacts, he realized the need for safe permanent storage. " 1929 "Henry Ford funds Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan" Commemorative museum 1930 Nantucket Whaling Museum opened Historical http://www.nha.org/ maritime 1930 Mystic Seaport maritime museum begins operation Commemorative http://www.mysticseaport.org/ 1930 Old Man of the Mountain promoted as a tourist attraction. Historical In the late 1920s the State of New Hampshire began efforts to stabilize the crumbling formation. profile 1931 Grant Wood paints :The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" Commemorative http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOne.asp?dep=21&item=50.117&viewMode=0§ion=description 1931 Gladys Tantaquidgeon (1899-2005) founds the Tantaguidgeon Museum at Mohegan. Commemorative http://www.mohegan.nsn.us/heritage/MedicineWomen.aspx Mohegan, Indians 1931 Polish Legion of American Veterans chartered. Commemorative Invoking the memory of Polish officers who fought in the American revolution, they eventually estabished units in New England. immigrant 1935 Yankee magazine founded Commemorative 1935 Wells Historical Museum (precurser to Old Sturbridge Village) open Commemorative http://www.osv.org/ "Read Jack Larkin and Mark Ashton, ""Celebrating 50 Years of History"" on the museum Web site." 1935 Harold Tantaquidge reconstructs a Mohegan village Commemorative museum 1940 Civil leaders of Portuguese descent gather before a mural of the Pilgrim fathers. Historical http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/fathers.html immigration 1940 World war II fuels new industries in New England Historical economy 1942 "Farmer's Museum in Cooperstown, New York established" Commemorative 1942 Touro Synagogue designated a National Historic Site Commemorative http://www.tourosynagogue.org/ . . . the Georgian influenced building is situated on an angle within the property allowing worshippers standing in prayer before the Holy Ark to face east toward Jerusalem. 1947 Old Sturbridge Village created Commemorative museum 1947 Plimoth Plantation founded Commemorative museum 1947 Shelburne Museum established Commemorative http://www.shelburnemuseum.org/?flash=true 1950 "New England has over 9 million people, 6 percent of the nation's population" Historical population 1952 Historic Deerfield founded Commemorative museum 1953 "Arthur Miller, ""The Crucible""" Literary http://asuaf.org/~gurujohn/drama/miller-crucible.html http://www.curriculumunits.com/crucible/ "See Web links for Arthur Miller, ""Why I wrote 'The Crucible': An artist's answer to politics."" and for a Massachusetts curriculum project that connects Miller's play to Salem. " witch, Salem 1954 "Brown v. Board of Education overturns ""separate but equal""" Historical 1955 Montgomery Alabama Bus Boycott Historical 1958 "Strawbery Banke Museum opens in Portsmouth, NH" Commemorative http://www.strawberybanke.org/museum/history/history.html "In 1957 Dorothy M. Vaughan, Portsmouth librarian, was invited to address the local Rotary Club. As she later recalled, 'I decided to lay it right on the line, and tell them what Portsmouth was throwing away each time a house was torn down or a piece of furniture was sold out of town.' Almost before she had finished, a committee was created to see what could be done to save Portsmouth's heritage. The result was a radical new combination of urban renewal and historic preservation. The Puddle Dock neighborhood was to be saved as a historic museum." 1959 Statue of Mary Dyer erected on Beacon Hill Commemorative http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/statues/dyer_landing.htm 1960 Student sit-ins in the south Historical 1963 John F. Kennedy assassinated Historical 1964 Civil Rights Act targets race and sex Historical 1968 "Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated" Historical 1972 Harvard dedicates the so-called "Bradstreet Gate" between the Science Center and the Yard. Commemorative http://128.103.142.209/issues/jf98/alumni.women.html http://128.103.142.209/issues/nd99/womanless.html The Bradstreet Gate was controversial because it appeared to by-pass the history of Radcliffe. The passage from Bradstreet's writing engraved on the gate was taken out of context. In the original it described her dismay at the raw condition of the settlement in Boston when she first arrived. Perhaps the first female freshmen in the Yard had similiar anxieties. 1974 Judge Garrity orders school busing in Boston Historical 1987 Archaeologists begin excavating historic sites threatened by Boston's Big Dig. Commemorative http://www.mos.org/bigdigarch/index.html http://www.sec.state.ma.us/sec/mhc/mhcexh/musprv/prvidx.htm http://www.boston.com/beyond_bigdig/ Some of the artifacts recovered, including "North America's Oldest Bowling Ball" are on exhibit at the Commonwealth Museum. An interactive website shows the location of the Big Dig in relation to Boston geography as it changed over time. 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Commemorative http://www.usbr.gov/nagpra/ Indian, bones 1992 The Last of the Mohicans filmed Literary Indian 1996 The Crucible filmed Literary witch, Salem 1997 " ""National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program"" established by the National Park Service. " Commemorative http://www.nps.gov/undergroundrr/contents.htm 1997 Irish Hunger Monument erected in Cambridge Commemorative http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/martin/art_law/cambridge_irish_hunger_monument.htm immigration 1998 Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center Opens Commemorative http://www.mashantucket.com/ Indian 2000 N. E.'s 12 million people compose less than 5 percent of the U.S. population Historical population 2001 Peabody Museum at Harvard continues to repatriate human remains Commemorative http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/05.20/indian.remains.html Check the Harvard website for additional stories on NAGPRA bones Indians 2001 Boston Massacre Memorial included on a new Irish Heritage Trail. Commemorative http://www.irishheritagetrail.com/map_big.html http://www.irishheritagetrail.com/bostonmassacre.html What was the justification for doing this? immigration 2002 Church at Mohegan restored and museum installed. Commemorative http://www.mohegan.nsn.us/heritage/preservations.aspx Indians 2003 Old Man of the Mountains collapses Historical http://www.nhparks.state.nh.us/ParksPages/franconianotch/oldman.html profile 2003 Boston Women's Memorial features Phillis Wheatley, Abigail Adams, and Lucy Stone Commemorative http://www.bwht.org/ladieswalk_stop1.html statue 2004 Memorial Hall Museum launches new website on "The Many Stories of 1704" Commemorative http://1704.deerfield.history.museum/ 2006 Wampanoags receive preliminary recognition by Federal Government. Historical http://mashpeewampanoagtribe.com/ Mashpee
